Long Live Toilets!

Modernity has it's advantages, in spite of what one might hear from the ecology fanatics worrying about global warming and holes in the ozone layer due to industry, machinery, and technology. Next time you use the toilet try thinking what you'd do if your home didn't have one. Imagine how you'd live if no one in your whole city had one. What would you do? And what would others in your city do around you? Now, dear reader, close your eyes and pray for forgiveness for any time in your life that you have cursed the Modern world.

sewer graphic

I've written recently about toilets and sewers, many times recently, and many times over the course of the years this blog has been in existence. Based on that you'd be surprised to find out just how seldom I think of toilets and sewers. Then today in the local paper I saw an article part of which is below. None of this is about toilets per se. All of it is about Modernity and respect for the Human. I hate ecology. I do not care a whit for Mother Nature. I might be the writer of the essay so pithily entitled, "Mother Nature: Rape That Bitch-- With a Chainsaw!" People count. We can mine the Earth till it looks like an apple core hanging in space for all I care, and we can move on to do the same to Mars and the Moon. But first we had better take care of people. And the way to do so is to keep them clean and healthy. That will never come about by allowing vain and silly hippies to control our attitudes toward the valuable: not Mother Nature but Mom and the kids in the Third World, for a late start. You want to do good deeds in the world? Then forget about pot in every chicken, like some idiot hippie: a pot for every butt! No, it's not romantic. You won't impress your friends at cocktail parties. But if you never do anything else, don't stand silent when a fool talks about the joys of simple living, not when he's referring to people who don't live in the Modern world. Sentimentalizing people who don't have toilets should be a capital offense. At least tell people who do so to shut their filthy mouths. Why be so blunt? Read on:

How not to sh-- in the woods
The UN just declared 2008 the International Year of Sanitation. Funny perhaps until you consider that 2.6 billion people in the world lack access to a basic toilet. As Chris Cobb reports, it's a difficult problem to fix... because the worst-off countries won't acknowledge the problem. ...

Chris Cobb
The Ottawa Citizen

Sunday, November 25, 2007

George Yap [in] Kampala's slum neighbourhoods. 'I was walking with the children doing a sanitation survey and here we had to jump over an open ditch/sewer,' he explains. 'It was full of oil, garbage, flies and excrement. A nearby latrine likely empties its contents into this ditch. During the rainy season it overflows, flooding nearby homes.' Many poor neighborhoods are located on low-lying flood-prone area, he says. This coupled with the lack of proper drainage networks means this is a very common problem in Kampala's slums.

[….]

Enter Zakir Khandker.

[….]

Khandker helps to co-ordinate Bangladeshi community sanitation for WaterAid, a British aid agency. It's his job to convince people to practise safe sanitation. Lesson One: "The fecal-oral contamination chain."

[….]

"We ask men whether they want to expose their women to others," Khandker explains. "With open defecation, that's what happens." When talk turns to handwashing, he points an accusatory finger: "Are you interested in eating the shit of others?" The question may get a laugh, "but eventually they take it seriously." Despite piling evidence, governments in the worst affected countries often refuse to acknowledge the ravages of poor sanitation. Aid workers say such denial is reminiscent of the early days of HIV-AIDS.

If the comparison sounds overblown, consider that the UN estimates 6,000 children die every day from such diseases as chronic diarrhea associated with unsafe drinking water, inadequate sanitation and poor hygiene. Eighty per cent of illnesses in developing countries are linked to the same conditions.

In Ethiopia, one of the worst affected sub-Saharan African countries, only six per cent of the population has access to safe sanitation. The child mortality rate -- children under five years old -- is 169 deaths per 1,000 live births. In Kenya, one of the region's better off countries, the figure is 123. In Canada, it is six.

Canadian Clarissa Brocklehurst heads a UN task force on water and sanitation. The water supply and sanitation engineer calls safe sanitation the "poor cousin" of water supply.

"It's the last taboo," she says. "People get all shy and tipsy when sanitation comes up. We need to work on changing behaviour. We need to sell sanitation like products are sold and convince people of the dangers of open defecation -- shitting in the bush, basically." The key is to get communities and governments to acknowledge the need for proper sanitation. The type of toilets is almost irrelevant as long as they get used and can be maintained.

[….]

"It's puzzling," says George Yap, program director for WaterCan, the Ottawa-based aid group. "I guess it's an indication of the relative importance the government puts on it." Yap argues that water and sanitation should be a priority. "The current government is looking to get more bang for its aid bucks. We would argue that if you're looking for the greatest bang for the buck, water and sanitation will give you a concrete result. That's not to say it will be easy." The UN's Millennium Development Goals include improving sanitation facilities to half of the 2.6 billion people in need by 2015. By its own estimates, they will miss that target by half a billion people.

"It's mind-boggling," says Alan Etherington. The Ottawa sanitation specialist, who has worked worldwide, says the challenge of providing cheap sanitation to the world's poorest people is daunting.

"Can you imagine the anxiety of defecating in a plastic bag and when it's full throwing it over your fence onto a neighbour's roof or a communal pathway? Or imagine defecating into a smelly open pit where there are insects or snakes? Or lining up with your neighbours at a community toilet to use a disgusting, smelly space?" He adds that in many societies, women and girls can only use washrooms before dawn or after dusk. "Women don't defecate outside in daylight," he explains. "So they have to manage their bowels and bladder to control when they defecate. They get constipated and they get urinary tract infections.

"It's a huge daily stress for most poor people in the world and with increased urbanization and growing slums, it is only getting worse." Getting communities in the developing world to buy into the concept of safe sanitation is complex, he adds. "Africans and Asians don't buy toilets for health reasons," he explains. "They buy them for all the other reasons: status, convenience and privacy." Aid programs must understand these motivations, he says. "We have to work with local tradespeople to help them build better, affordable toilets. It might only be a crude $5 toilet that won't last a year, but at least it gets people into the habit of defecating in a safe, hygienic manner." In densely populated slums, the problem is complicated by the fact there are no sewers. Homes are often one-room shacks constructed from discarded materials. So installing toilets is not an option.

In some cases, there are communal sanitation areas, perhaps 20 units used by 50 people every day. "That's 1,000 uses," Etherington explains. "That's 400 kilos of fecal matter a day, every day that has to be disposed of." The sanitation block could be linked to a sewer, if one were available, or to a septic tank. "How do you empty the septic tank that gets full so quickly?" asks Etherington, who also has the answer: "In some parts of the world they are emptied by removing the cover when it rains and allowing a portion of the contents to be washed away and flood into the community." Dirty habits are hard to change -- especially when people don't understand that open defecation can spread deadly diseases. …

Etherington says the introduction of composting toilets -- "the recycling of fecal matter" -- has been a breakthrough.

[….]

One of the less obvious ramifications of poor sanitation is the devastating affect it can have on the lives of adolescent girls. Many abandon their education at the onset of their periods rather than deal with the embarrassment of sharing school facilities with boys.

"Leading agencies around the world now realize there has to be separate toilets for boys and girls," says Etherington.

And then there are the many social and cultural quirks that aid groups must acknowledge. For example, one agency in western Kenya was shocked to learn it is taboo for families to share a toilet with their in-laws.

... Talking about toilets was a disaster, says George Yap.

"Pooping in the fields is a common and ingrained practice," he explains. "If you tell a Maasai herdsman to poop in the same spot all the time, they respond by saying they have all this land, why would we want to put ourselves into a little outhouse that stinks when we can poop under the stars.

"Maasai sleep with their cattle who pee and defecate right next to them. It's awfully difficult to deal with hygiene promotion in that context. You learn from your mistakes, Sanitation is about behaviour change." …no system could work because of widespread ignorance about hygiene.

From these early errors, a strategy evolved that incorporates clean water, practical toilets and hygiene campaigns.

Last week UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon declared 2008 the International Year of Sanitation. Perhaps it is to make up for its shortsightedness in 2000 when the UN announced its millennium goals without a mention of sanitation. (It was included two years later in response to vigorous lobbying led by the British agency WaterAid.) Since then, there has been much talk. …

"Sanitation often involves several departments (of government) but not to the extent that one department takes charge," Yap explains. "If one department doesn't take charge, nothing gets done." By some calculations, every dollar spent to improve sanitation creates a $9 economic benefit for communities. A small investment yields great rewards, Yap says.

"You build one toilet and health will improve," he says. It makes sense, but governments are not convinced.

"We've got to talk about it. If you don't talk about it, how can you do anything to solve the problem? Sanitation is the elephant in the room. You can't ignore it."

1.1 billion people, about 20 per cent of the world's population, lack access to safe drinking water

2.6 billion people, about 40 per cent of the world's population, have no access to sanitation facilities

2.2 million people, mostly children under five, die every year from problems associated with the lack of water and sanitation

At any one time, half of the world's hospital beds are occupied by patients suffering from water-borne diseases One litre of water weighs one kilogram.

In developing countries, it is common for water collectors, usually women and girls, to walk several kilometres every day to fetch water.

Filled pots and jerry cans weigh as much as 20 kilograms

More than 6,000 children die every day from diseases associated with lack of access to safe drinking water, inadequate sanitation and poor hygiene

In developing countries, about 80 per cent of illnesses are linked to poor water and sanitation conditions

A person in sub-Saharan Africa uses 10 to 20 litres of water a day; on average, a Canadian uses 326 litres a day
© The Ottawa Citizen 2007
You don't have to do anything about the story above. You might like to think about it. it won't cost you any money. You need expend no effort. What matters? It's a matter of attitude in the West that glorifies the primitive and excuses all manner of evil in the name of philobarbarism. So long as we tolerate this kind of sentimentalizing of people in primitive conditoins, so longas we romaticize their lives for our own vanity, they will never have our advantages because we'll forever deny it to them for their own supposed good. Stand up for Modernity. Stand up for colonialism. Shout "Hurrah! for Imperialism." When you hear some simpering hippie talk about the oneness of Third World peasants living in harmony with Mother Nature, think about this story above. In the quiet of your own mind, if nowhere else, shout: Long live toilets!

Flush with Pride: Bindeshwar Pathak

Bathos is the word to describe it: What should be tragic is actually a laughing matter. He was a young guy on the road in a Third World country who decided he's accustom himself to local conditions, wanting to "go native" for some reason, a Romantic kid. I have done monstrously stupid and sometimes evil things in my life, but I had the good fortune to live long enough to change and regret my ways, to learn and to try to do better. Lucky for me I never felt any desire to "go native." Our buddy did. He decided to sip a bit of local water every day to "get used to it and build up a tolerance." No amount of talking him out of it worked. He sipped a bit of water, got sick, and tried again next day, convinced that he'd develop an immunity to the water and its problems, just like the locals. Telling him the locals die from drinking the water didn't impress him, there being many locals living quite nicely who drink the water. To make a long and obvious story short, our buddy laid in bed for a week with something like lizards in his guts eating him to death. There is no immunity from things that kill. The locals die. Eventually poison kills everyone. Bathos. It's not possible to sympathize with anyone so foolish. The locals drink the local water because they have no choice. When they do, they don't drink it because it's poisonous. One of the many great things about our Modern world is that the water is drinkable, that it doesn't kill us and our children. Few of us ever give it a second thought, instead worrying ourselves silly with concerns that drive us to bottled water at the price of a peasant worker's daily wage. Our ordinary tap water is like manna from Heaven. Thank God.

Water is a boring thing. I use it to make coffee in the morning, and I shower in it and such. I really don't even think about it. It's just water. It comes out of the tap and goes down the drain till next time. Here. In the Modern world. Do that other places and you will likely end up dead or wrecked in the guts for all of your life. Not to be too graphic about it, many people in the Third World drink liquid shit because there is no sanitation programme to save them from it. It's enough to make an ordinary man howl with rage.

I'm an ordinary man and I get completely upset. An extraordinary man sits down and thinks about the problem well enough to come up with a solution to poisoned drinking water. I have some things in life yet to learn:

"DR. BINDESHWAR PATHAK is the leader of a national crusade for restoration of human rights and dignity to millions of scavengers (cleaner and carrier of human excreta), traditionally known as untouchables; and for providing safe and hygienic human waste disposal system to 700 million Indian population who go outside for open defecation even along roads and railway tracks...."1.

Sanitation is so simple that when there is a place without it it's enough to make one weep. India is such a place, and the untouchables are the caste that suffer from the effect more than all others. So Dr Pathak made it his life to attempt a solution to the question of Untouchables and the hygiene problem. In India not everyone can have a flush toilet and a sewer connection. Instead, millions of buckets stand on the streets for the population to use as they will, and the Untouchables deal with it as a life. They are the caste that is "untouchable." No wonder. The solution? Pathak came up with the Sulabh toilet:

"The Sulabh technology is a very simple device. It consists of two pits and sealed cover. While one is in use, the other pit is left to manure. And, finally, it is cleared to be used as manure. By using this technology, there will be no need to physically clean human excreta."1.

There are two kinds of people on this Earth, according to me: there are the reactionaries, those who wage constant war against the triune revolutions of Modernity, i.e., the Industrial, American, and French Revolutions, revolutions of democracy and rationality, of individualism and positive common law, revolutions against privilege and entitled tyranny; and there are the progressives, those who work to incrementally improve the life of man by adding piece by piece to our beautiful Modernity. I mean, for example, toilets and sewers.

"[T]he Sulabh Shauchalaya is a low cost, pour flush, water-seal toilet with twin leach pits for on-site disposal of human waste. The technology has many advantages. It is affordable, even by the economically weaker sections of the society, and is designed to suit different levels of income. Flushing requires only two litres of water, instead of 10 litres needed by a conventional toilet. The toilet can never be out of commission since one of the two pits can always be used while the other is being serviced. The latrine can be built with locally available material. It can be conveniently upgraded as it is a stand-alone, on-site unit that can be connected to a sewer system as and when the latter is introduced in the area."1.

We can ask ourselves what our priorities are in this life. I copy this from Jihad Watch:

V.S. Naipaul writes of my favorite Moslem, a man living in Pakistan:

"His world had shrunk to a hut in a crumbling village. He was prepared for even that to crumble away further, once the faith was served."

Among the Believers, Penguin: p. 89.

It's a matter of epistemology, of eschatology, of the simple view of Human life's worth. I favor Modernity, even with its attendant problems. The living can deal with them.

"Dr. Pathak sought to abolish scavenging not only out of sympathy for scavengers but also out of the belief that it is a primitive, expensive and unhygienic practice which may create an explosive situation in which case a highly dissatisfied group will turn lumpen and work to destroy the social system. For that matter, the Sulabh Movement is different from other social movements: it is an indigenous concept based on experience and tested scientifically, combining in itself an appropriate technology and demand for social morality. In simpler words, while other movements identified problems and injustices in society but failed to find solutions, Dr. Pathak identified problems, developed a self-sustaining system, gave an appropriate technology and, finally, solved the problem."1.

The problem. Solving the problem. "Solving the problem" is a problem for fascists. It's not so much that they don't know how, it's that they do not want the problem solved; and in fact, they like the problem and want more of it. That is a central pillar of fascism. White, Red, Green or Muslim, all fascisms demand a return to a state of primitivism, a return to "authenticity." All fascisms share a hatred of Modernity, even a hatred of toilets and sewers. All fascisms demand a return to feudalism or worse. They all demand a communitarian peasant life at best, a non-market economy, a cashless economy, an economy of trade and barter, of simplicity in social relations, there being a leader and the rest following in a "natural" order, a hierarchy of the powerful and the slaves, all together, and none apart. Cities must disappear so people will again live authentic lives communally, sharing, caring, and cetera. People must remove from alienating environments, from cities, to "the land." Back to the state of Nature, people will find authenticity and natural order. No fascism can accommodate Modernity. There can be no individuals alone and private. Every man is but a sliver of the whole, nothing in himself without the group giving him identity. Having ones own toilet? Anti-social. From workers' communes to mass extermination camp showers to group nudist hippie mud baths to the communal ritual foot-washing, all fascisms demand a collective life. And it is a poverty.

Living for the faith, living for little else than the faith, it is a poverty that is a "povertarianism." The Romantic reaction against the triune progressive revolutions is a utopian nightmare, a dystopian vision of the worth of Man, an anti-Humanism. The Party, the Fuehrer, the Umma, Mother Nature, all despise Man. All, at best, demand that Man live as a farm animal, tended and minded and herded, and eventually slaughtered. For the Communists, kill all the rich and the class traitors; for the Nazis, kill all the Jews and the inferior people who are outside the purity of Nature; for the Muslims, kill all the kufar; and for the ecologists, kill everyone and let Nature resume its course. In every case of fascism, those who live must live simply, i.e. in poverty, hence "povertarianism." No Modernity, no cities, no privacy, no sewers, no toilets. All are one, all are poor. It is the vision of the Left, of Islam, of Nazis, of ecologists. Crush Humanity!

Without a market economy, without privacy, without a high regard for the worth of Man, there will be no toilets and no sewers. Those who hate Modernity will condemn Man to a squalid life of filth, illness, and death. Leftists who unite with Rightist to gang together with Muslims and ecologists are all fascists, all hating Modernity and Humanity. When you hear: "Yankees go Home," hear: "No toilets, no sewers for the people." Hear the voice of fascism. Hear the life of Man going down the drain forever. Pathetic.

1. http://www.sulabhtoiletmuseum.org/profile.htm

Plumb Lucky. W. Hodding Carter, Flushed.

Days ago I wrote a lovely piece here entitled The Beauty of Sewers. I wrote also A Paean to Household Cleaning Products, and I even have somewhere in the bowels of this blog a piece entitled Crapper's Bida: Tres Moderne . I write sometimes claiming Leftists are caprophagists. I don't, however, think I have much interest in scatology, only in common cleanliness, in the life-giving benefits of pure water and ordinary sanitation. Yeah, shit happens, and that;s life; but it doesn't have to happen on my carpet. It happens better in bathrooms, thanks to modern plumbing, for which I am thankful, having been to too many places for too many years where such is not the case for the average person. Toilets and plumbing are things one only misses when there aren't any. Outside Modernity there aren't any. SAo maybe I get excited by what others take for granted. so, that thumping you might have heard across the land yesterday would be the pounding of my black heart when I found a book on Plumbing. Yahoo!

Here's one amazon.com review. I'll be in the bathroom checking out the book itself. Muslims? They have a lot to learn .

The Art and Mystery of plumbing,

June 29, 2006

By	wiredweird "wiredweird" (Earth, or somewhere nearby) - See all my reviews

Carter, a "great sanitation scholar," gives us an outstanding tour of the world of plumbing; several tours, actually. One is the historical tour, from classical times to the present day and beyond. Carter goes back to the Romans, whose pipes made of lead ("plumbum" in Latin) gave us the word for plumber. The trip through time make brief stops in the dark ages, where monks railed against pagan rituals of water and washing, while quietly enjoying the highest levels of sanitation around. Carter's next historical high points come in the 18th and especially 19th century, when Europe finally recovered and surpassed the Romans' level of engineering sophistication. The story continues into today, with recent innovations like the 1.6 gallon flush, and into some truly exciting possibilities for the future of human waste processing.

Another kind of tour lets us visit the technologies of waste removal. Up until the 1800s, that largely consisted of an open window, a shouted warning to anyone passing below, and a mighty heave of the "thunder mug," which left the streets in a condition that beggars modern imagination. From there, Carter works up to the high-tech digesters that biologically decontaminate Boston's sewage stream, and to practical demonstrations of recovering energy from methane given off, or even bacterial fuels cells that generate electricity directly.

It's also a story of social progress. People live longer and fewer children die of disease spread by fecal contamination, to be sure. Carter also describes low-tech innovations in India that promise to improve the lives of the untouchable undercaste, once they are freed from the necessary but "unclean" duty of clearing away the human waste of India's hundreds of millions.

Not least, it's a story of Carter's own adventures and misadventures with the maze of pipes behind his own walls. That's part of what makes this book so enjoyable: the enthusiastic and highly personal tone of his writing. It's a summary of his wide-ranging studies in what we do with the poo, but always light and readable. I fault his research for only one small point, his neglect of the New World before the European arrival. The Aztecs built some of the world's most populous pre-technological cities and dealt with their excreta much more effectively than European cities of the same size and period. Still, it's an informative and enjoyable look at what we'd usually rather not look at.

//wiredweird, reviewing a complimentary copy

Modernity rules!

The graphic? I've had it stored for a long time for no reason other than that I thought I might use it someday for something. Plumb Lucky!

The Beauty of Sewers

When I looked at the Internet this evening I didn't expect to find a story on the theft of manhole covers in Manhattan. Oh, was I wrong. There are roughly 23,000 stories on the theft of manhole covers as of today. Given time there will likely be 23,000 more.
****

My primary concern here is not, as must be thought by most readers, that of fascist Islam and Left dhimmi fascism; my concern is for Human decency and peoples' opportunity to live free of unwarranted oppression, which I see as mostly stemming in our time from the two aforementioned ideologies. Unwarranted oppression isn't simply the fascism of the Left and the Muslim hordes they use as proxies: it is also Romantic reaction, eg philobarbarism and povertarianism. So, on occasion, this being one, I put together a post on public health to show just what our beautiful Modernity gives us and what we will lose if we allow our lives to be ruined by the fascists who claim that cities are alienating, that one should "move back to Nature," that we should be "authentic," and the usual string of pagan Blood and Soil ecologist misanthropy. Imagine life without sewers. No? Then go to a city without them, pick your favorite Third World megalopolis. What does Islam have to offer that's better than sewers? What does the Left offer that's better than clean water? These poisoners of the people's minds are a filthy disgrace. Modernity gives us sewers. I love sewers. In fact, I love them so much that I want a doormat of a sewer cover for my front door.

Here's a bit from the first story to pop up, a bit from wikipedia:

Manhole cover theft is the phenomenon of manhole covers being stolen, usually for resale as scrap. Long considered to be a childish prank in the United States, this type of theft is often expensive to municipalities, and dangerous to their residents.

It first became a serious problem in India and China, where missing manhole covers have caused eight deaths so far. Hundreds of manhole covers are stolen in the city of Bangalore, India every month. In Newham, East London, nearly 200 grates and covers were stolen.

In the city of Calcutta, India more than 10,000 manhole covers were taken in two months. These were replaced with concrete covers, but these were also stolen, this time for the iron rods inside them. The thieves were believed to be buying lottery tickets with the money.

Missing covers and grates may cause disappearances, deaths, and damage to vehicles. According to China's Xinhua news agency, about "240,000 manhole and street-drain covers were stolen in Beijing in 2004."

****

I risked death one afternoon when I got a bedsheet, a role of tape, and a block of black rubbing wax and went onto the street to get a print of a manhole cover in Yaffo, Israel of a "Palestinian Mandate" manhole cover. The original is a lovely piece of work. for more images of manhole covers, click here to see Ruavista's collection of photos.

Ruavista text below.

Manhole covers are among the urban landscape's most lasting features. They are made of extremely durable materials since their placement exposes them to wear. They have also endured because unlike gas street lamps, manhole covers remain useful and, more than 100 years after their installation, continue to fulfil their function perfectly.

Traditional manholes covers are round and decorated with geometric designs. They often bear inscriptions. The round shape requires less space than a square and makes handling easier. Once removed, the cover can be transported by rolling. Decorations serve as identification. In English-speaking countries, manhole covers were embossed and those covering telephone networks bore hexagonal designs. Designs also provide a non-slip surface on the sidewalk or roadway. Manhole covers offer living testimony to the industrial artistry of the second half of the 19th century as many of the covers still seen today on the sidewalks of European and North American cities date from that period. London, capital of the world's first industrialized country, is undoubtedly the most beautiful open-air museum. The variety and beauty of manhole cover designs are unparalleled. Many covers date from the second half of 19th century, when electric, gas and telephone service became available in the city. Subterranean galleries were necessary to install the infrastructure underground and access for maintenance had to be provided.

Drainage work began in 1847 but manhole covers were not installed for several years. Authorities initially rejected the system for fear that they would allow deadly gases to escape. (Before the manhole cover system was adopted, maintenance could only be performed after making holes in the galleries and sealing them when the work was completed.)
****

APPENDIX 2 - THE LETTER OF THE LAW

[....]

2 Following the second major Cholera outbreak, in 1847, the Government was propelled into the introduction of the 'Public Health Act, 1848'. This Act created a General Board of Health (Edwin Chadwick was one of its three members). During its five years existence, the Board was empowered to provide sewerage systems for the water-borne collection of domestic wates. A Medical Officer of Health could also be appointed. Despite the patent need for public health schemes, the vested interests of landowners and others formed a vociferous lobby against the granting of the necessary powers to any public body. When the Board of Health was abolished, the 'Times' concluded that "the English People would prefer to take the chance of Cholera, rather than be bullied into health". The same newspaper called the 1848 Act "a reckless invasion of property and liberty". Even so, the Act was only mandatory in towns where the death rate was greater than 22 per thousand of population or where 10% of ratepayers petitioned for its adoption. After the demise of the Board of Health, the Privy Council was made responsible for public health (1858) and John Simon was appointed as Medical Officer.

http://www.dsellers.demon.co.uk/sewers/sew_ch12.htm
****

A Glimpse Into London's Early Sewers
Reprinted from Cleaner magazine
PART I BY MARY GAYMAN

Sewer means "seaward" in Old English. London's sewers were open ditches sloped
slightly to drain human wastes toward the River Thames, and ultimately into
the sea. Sewer ditches quickly filled with garbage and human wastes, which
overflowed onto streets, into houses and marketplaces throughout London.
By the late 1500s, King Henry VIII wrote an edict which made each
householder responsible for clearing the sewer passing by their dwelling.
The King also created a special Commission of Sewers to enforce these
rules. However, no money was provided to pay its members. Therefore, the
Commission was not installed until 1622, when it was decided that fines for
non-compliance could be used to fund its activities....

By the early 18th Century nearly every residence had a cesspit beneath
the floors. In the best of homes the nauseating stench permeated the most
elegant parlor. Indoor odors were often worse than of the garbage- and manure-
filled streets. While noxious fumes were ignored by most people, it was fear
of "night air" laden with coal smoke and sulfurous industrial fogs which
alarmed the City dweller....

By the early 18th Century nearly every residence had a cesspit beneath
the floors. In the best of homes the nauseating stench permeated the most
elegant parlor. Indoor odors were often worse than of the garbage- and manure-
filled streets....

Doors and windows of homes and factories were sealed shut at sunset to
protect occupants form entry of the feared "night air." Entire families and
crews of workers died of mysterious "asphyxiation" during the night. Doctors
had no explanation for lingering illnesses and these sudden "miasmas"
occurring in the City. Vivid descriptions of horrible deaths were routinely
reported at Commission hearings and in the London tabloids.
Most fatalities and injuries described were consistent with asphyxiation
by hydrogen sulfide or oxygen deficiency or methane explosions.

Draining London's Sewage Swamp

The streets of London lie 30 feet below the surface of the Thames at high tide. The city housed more than two million people in crowded conditions and the situation was deteriorating daily. Epidemics of cholera, typhus, "consumption" and other undefined maladies plagued the City over at least four centuries. Edwin Chadwick, a sanitary reformer of the era, struggled with upper class apathy toward these horrible conditions. Chadwick explored sewers, questioned slum dwellers, and turned out hundreds of reports to the Commission. He experimented with the benefits of obtaining pure water from lakes and reservoirs, rather than the fetid Thames. His Public Health Act ultimately reversed the tide of death. He chastised residents of London for defying the Law of Moses, often pointing out that it "forbade even an open camp be defiled with human ordure, and expressly ordained that it should be deposited at a distance and immediately covered with soil." He attacked the greed of homeowners stating: "Early in the progress of these investigations, the proposed system of cleansing, by removal of the ordure in suspension in waste, was objected to on the grounds of supposed loss of money received for manure." ... Meanwhile, engineers were hard at work devising a system of drainage which would carry the wastes of 2 million people out of the area, in compliance with Mosaic law. Commissioners allowed experimentation with the "soil-pan or watercloset principle" and the "tubular mode of drainage" in cities and hamlets throughout England. Though Sir Thomas Crapper had not perfected his invention, the Commission had received hundreds of less functional designs for its consideration. The "water closet" concept was, as yet, unwieldy. A complete system of "tubular drains" were yet to be constructed to "carry immediately away ass solid or semi-solid matter," as the Commissioned envisioned. In 1858 "The Great Stink," from the backed up Thames, caused thousands to flee the City, while Parliament remained in session. Windows of the parliament building were draped with curtains soaked in chloride of lime, to prevent closing of the Government. Upper class residents fled the city or drenched sheets with perfumes to mask the odor from the outside....
http://www.swopnet.com/engr/londonsewers/londontext1.html
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Sewers are beautiful. There are those who try to waste my time talking about greenhouse gasses and organic food. Spare me. Talk to me about sewers.