Friday, June 24, 2005

Let's Invade Sweden

Is Europe doomed to become a province of Islam, as so many of our public intellectuals fear? Maybe yes--if Europeans sit back smoking pot, letting the world slide into decay, taking Europeans down along with it.

We live in a world that sends men to the moon, a world that splits atoms, a world that feeds millions of starving and superfluous peasants who want nothing better than to destroy the modern world that supports them in their mad dash to commit their own vast populations of dysfunctional primitives to death by want. Let's get weepy over war, say our dhimmi brothers and sisters, let's bang the drum for diversity, and let's all sit around communing with Mother Nature as the savages destroy the very modernity that keeps them alive while they destroy us and themselves along with us.

Or let's not. No maybe--if we decide to strike back at the lotus-landers letting the world slide into decay, Europeans with it. Maybe yes we can take the savage world by the throat and kill them to the point the remaining live life like helots, slaves cringing in terror of our might, men and women so fearful of our displeasure they beg to be like us, and more: that they beg to be more than simply men and women like us but that they become us as much as we are us. Let them suffer to death as they are if they will, and those who come after will be ours and us.

If we can go to the moon and split atoms, then we can rip the world's peasants from their dogmatic slumbers and kick them till they join the world of the living, if they choose not to die by our benevolent hands. Maybe maybe--let's start the slaughter by attacking our very own anti-war dhimmis before we go on to destroy the primitives holus bolus.
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Below we will look at excerpts from Orianna Fallaci on dhimmitude and the decline of the West in terms of cultural suicide in the face of Islamic invasion; and also at memetics in terms of how we receive and transmit ideas cross-culturally, ideas good or bad regardless, and how the idea of the spread of Islam and dhimmitude and cultural suicide is little more than yet one more transitory pseudo-intellectual fad that will and definitely can and necessarily should pass into something better.

We've written many times before that most people believe what most people believe, logic and reason having little or nothing to do with public opinion and personal beliefs. Where do ideas come from? Why do many in the West feel strongly that Islam is a religion of peace hijacked by a tiny minority of extremists who have no valid reason for committing acts of terrorism in the name of Islam while anyone with the patience to read the Koran, the ahadith and sira can find out within a day that Islam is a fascist poligion that does indeed require its true believers to do exactly that which we in the West have opined that they do not do by virtue of their religious belief. Why do we cling to our ignorance of Islam in the face of the obvious falsity of our wrong and obviously wrong opinions? Regardless of our opinions about the right or wrong of Islam, the clear and provable truth from Islam itself and from Moslems themselves is that we are self-deluded and aggressively so and determinedly so. No one can read the texts of Islam and come away with any other conclusion than that which is clearly and repeatedly stated in the Sunna, that Islam is a violent and triumphalist poligion. We have our opinions because they are the norm in popular circles, spreading from the epicentre of the dominant ideology, in this case from the politicians of Europe and, yes, from Washington, D.C., even from the slack mouth of George W. Bush himself.

We face at this time a culture that is on the path to self-destruction by means of self-willed dhimmitude. One group of people are moving in on another, which over-all is fair in biological terms. Our problem is that it is the other group that is doing the moving by virtue of its suicidal longing for destruction of the host, a cancerous spread of primitive Islam into the world of Modernity, and we are allowing it to happen.

Here we can look at Richard Dawkins to see his ideas on memes, how cultural ideas live and die. We might gain some insight into the spread of the idea and ideology of Islam as a political ans social force in the West. The following excerpts come from Wikipedia on Dawkins.
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Dawkins observed that cultures can evolve in much the same way that populations of organisms evolve. Various ideas pass from one generation to the next; such ideas may either enhance or detract from the survival of the people who obtain those ideas. This process affects which of those ideas will survive for passing on to future generations. For example, a certain culture may have unique designs and methods of tool-building that another culture may not have; therefore, the culture with the more effective methods may prosper more than the other culture, ceteris paribus. This leads to a higher proportion of the overall population adopting the more effective methods as time passes. Each tool design thus acts somewhat similarly to a biological gene in that some populations have it and others do not, and the meme's function directly affects the presence of the design in future generations.
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One controversial application of this "selfish meme" parallel results in the idea that certain collections of memes can act as "memetic viruses": collections of ideas that behave as independent life forms which continue to get passed on even at the expense of their hosts simply because of their success at getting passed on. Some observers have suggested that evangelical religions and cults behave this way; so by including the act of passing on their beliefs as a moral virtue, other beliefs of the religion also get passed along even if they do not provide particular benefits to the believer.

Others maintain that the wide prevalence of human adoption of religious ideas provides evidence to suggest that such ideas offer some ecological, sexual, ethical or moral value; otherwise memetic evolution would long ago have selected against such ideas. For example, most religions urge peace and cooperation among their followers ("Thou shalt not kill") which may possibly tend to promote the biological survival of the social groups that carry these memes.

A tendency exists in memetics to disparage religious memes. However, some speculate that traditional religions act as mental immune systems to suppress new and potentially harmful memes. Interestingly, we can compare this scenario with the action of a virus (here a religion a "bundle" of religious memes) proving ineffective and maladaptive if it kills its host(s). For example, popular Christianity forbids both murder and suicide (an idea from Augustine of Hippo's The City of God), and its precise definitions of heresy ensure that "properly" educated Christians cannot accept new religions which advocate such actions.
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The West is an "open society' that doesn't filter or restrict ideas or memes as strictly as do most other cultures and nations. Our plurality allows for the religious Right as much as for the radical Left, allows for the pornographers as well as for multi-national corporatists of the world-at-large. Our ruling ethos is multi-culturalism, diversity, and simple openness to the right to privacy of pursuits of individual happiness. Fascists are as welcome to practice their beliefs as are extremist Libertarians and all those in between, within the bounds of relatively lax laws. And because there is no state ideology, no state religion, no overweening government control of the minutea of privacy there is room for the growth of memes that are cancerous, such as Islam.

Some complain, freely, that the religious Right is a danger to the democratic ethos of America, and they are to be feared more than any single group otherwise. Fair enough. We do complain. And the religious Right is powerful, as is CAIR and the ACLU and numerous other groups of varying degrees of extremity. We live in a culture of plural memes, but it is the meme of Islam that threatens the weak cultures of Europe with death. Islam, a proven violent poligion bent on domination and conquest of the entire world, if one will take the time to learn about it from its own texts and adherents, not simply some tiny minority of extremists but the entire umma of Islam, being every believing Moslem on Earth without exception, like it or not, believe it or not, and ignoring it or not. Islam is a cancerous meme that is made to conquer the world in the name of and in the practice of Islam. Any one who becomes familiar with Islam will see and know it clearly and directly, and it is beyond debate for rational people. But most people are not interested and are not logical at all, relying on the beliefs of others to find and validate their own beliefs.

Orianna Fallaci begs to differ with the majority of Europeans who get along by going along. Her writings on the nature of Islam have her involved in a court case in Italy, a case brought against her by Moslems. Below are some excerpts from an interview with a man who doesn't seem to know his subject well. Fallaci does.
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In a Wall Street Journal interview, Orianna Fallaci, currently facing criminal charges in Italy of "vilifiying Islam," speaks to a man who doesn't seem to understand that Huntington is a world-class dhimmi, and who likely doesn't even now understand Fallaci's points as below:

CITIZEN OF THE WORLD

Prophet of Decline
An interview with Oriana Fallaci.

BY TUNKU VARADARAJAN
Thursday, June 23, 2005 12:01 a.m. EDT

NEW YORK--Oriana Fallaci faces jail. In her mid-70s, stricken with a cancer that, for the moment, permits only the consumption of liquids--so yes, we drank champagne in the course of a three-hour interview--one of the most renowned journalists of the modern era has been indicted by a judge in her native Italy under provisions of the Italian Penal Code which proscribe the "vilipendio," or "vilification," of "any religion admitted by the state."

In her case, the religion deemed vilified is Islam, and the vilification was perpetrated, apparently, in a book she wrote last year--and which has sold many more than a million copies all over Europe--called "The Force of Reason." Its astringent thesis is that the Old Continent is on the verge of becoming a dominion of Islam, and that the people of the West have surrendered themselves fecklessly to the "sons of Allah." So in a nutshell, Oriana Fallaci faces up to two years' imprisonment for her beliefs--which is one reason why she has chosen to stay put in New York. Let us give thanks for the First Amendment.

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Ms. Fallaci speaks in a passionate growl: "Europe is no longer Europe, it is 'Eurabia,' a colony of Islam, where the Islamic invasion does not proceed only in a physical sense, but also in a mental and cultural sense. Servility to the invaders has poisoned democracy, with obvious consequences for the freedom of thought, and for the concept itself of liberty." Such words--"invaders," "invasion," "colony," "Eurabia"--are deeply, immensely, Politically Incorrect; and one is tempted to believe that it is her tone, her vocabulary, and not necessarily her substance or basic message, that has attracted the ire of the judge in Bergamo (and has made her so radioactive in the eyes of Europe's cultural elites).
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"Civilizations die from suicide, not by murder," the historian Arnold Toynbee wrote, and these words could certainly be Ms. Fallaci's. She is in a black gloom about Europe and its future: "The increased presence of Muslims in Italy, and in Europe, is directly proportional to our loss of freedom." There is about her a touch of Oswald Spengler, the German philosopher and prophet of decline, as well as a flavor of Samuel Huntington and his clash of civilizations. But above all there is pessimism, pure and unashamed. When I ask her what "solution" there might be to prevent the European collapse of which she speaks, Ms. Fallaci flares up like a lit match. "How do you dare to ask me for a solution? It's like asking Seneca for a solution. You remember what he did?" She then says "Phwah, phwah," and gestures at slashing her wrists. "He committed suicide!" Seneca was accused of being involved in a plot to murder the emperor Nero. Without a trial, he was ordered by Nero to kill himself. One senses that Ms. Fallaci sees in Islam the shadow of Nero. "What could Seneca do?" she asks, with a discernible shudder. "He knew it would end that way--with the fall of the Roman Empire. But he could do nothing."

The impending Fall of the West, as she sees it, now torments Ms. Fallaci. And as much as that Fall, what torments her is the blithe way in which the West is marching toward its precipice of choice. "Look at the school system of the West

Ms. Fallaci describes herself, too, as "a revolutionary"--"because I do what conservatives in Europe don't do, which is that I don't accept to be treated like a delinquent."
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"The moment you give up your principles, and your values . . . the moment you laugh at those principles, and those values, you are dead, your culture is dead, your civilization is dead. Period."

http://www.opinionjournal.com/
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Can we condemn the dhimmi class of the West? Indeed, some are conscious fascists and collaborators with fascist Islam who have a clear goal in mind: the destruction of Modernity and the imposition in its place of Romantic fascist barbarism. But for the majority of dhimmis the real problem is one of irrational and near hysterical frenzied hatred of the Myth of America. It is a learned behaviour, a metastasized meme that is destroying the Western host. It is mostly a pose, an attitude that can change overnight, and one that will change when Islam becomes a greater military threat than it is now, a threat that will in time lead to the extermination of the Islamic world and its people, a goal the unconscious Islamic civilization's primitives long for in their intuitive grasp of their own failure as a functional meme in the age of Modernity.

And what accounts for the hysteria in the West?
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WASHINGTON (AP) -- The United States' image is so tattered overseas two years after the Iraq invasion that communist China is viewed more favorably than the U.S. in many long-time Western European allies, an international poll has found.

"It's amazing when you see the European public rating the United States so poorly, especially in comparison with China," said Andrew Kohut, director of the Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, which surveyed public opinion in 16 countries, including the United States.

In Britain, almost two-thirds of Britons, 65 percent, saw China favorably, compared with 55 percent who held a positive view of the United States.

In France, 58 percent had an upbeat view of China, compared with 43 percent who felt that way about the U.S. The results were nearly the same in Spain and the Netherlands.

The United States' favorability rating was lowest among three Muslim nations which are also U.S. allies -- Turkey, Pakistan and Jordan -- where only about one-fifth of those polled viewed the U.S. in a positive light.

Only India and Poland were more upbeat about the United States, while Canadians were just as likely to see China favorably as they were the U.S.

The poll found suspicion and wariness of the United States in many countries where people question the war in Iraq and are growing wary of the U.S.-led campaign against terrorism.

"The Iraq war has left an enduring impression on the minds of people around the world in ways that make them very suspicious of U.S. intentions and makes the effort to win hearts and minds far more difficult," said Shibley Telhami, a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution.

The overseas image of the United States slipped sharply after the Iraq invasion in 2003, the Pew polling found, and it has not rebounded in Western European countries like Britain, France, Germany and Spain.

However the U.S. image has bounced back in Indonesia, the world's most populous Muslim country which benefited from U.S. aid to tsunami victims, as well as in India and Russia.

The survey found that a majority of people in most countries say the United States does not take the interests of other countries into account when making international policy decisions.

It also found most would like to see another country get as much military power as the United States, though few want China to play that role.

People in most countries were more inclined to say the war in Iraq has made the world a more dangerous place. Non-U.S. residents who had unfavorable views of the United States were most likely to cite Bush as the reason rather than a general problem with America.

The polls were taken in various countries from late April to the end of May with samples of about 1,000 in most countries, with more interviewees in India and China and slightly less than 1,000 in the European countries. The margin of sampling error ranged from 2 percentage points to 4 percentage points, depending on the sample size.

Copyright 2005 The Associated Press. All rights reserved.This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. [So sue me.]

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We'll look in a future post at the ideas of Neil Postman and the ideas of Avishai Margalit and Ian Buruma to see what conclusions they have in this regard. In the mean time, skipping ahead, we offer our own untying of this Gordian Knot of anti-Modernist fascism and dhimmitude. We have argued at long length that the solution is a
Walkerian conquest of the primitive world, the enslavement of its populations, and of the permanent colonization of the primitives who survive our conquest to the point whereat they are us and we are them, universally and naturally Modern, regardless of sentimental nonsense today about the relative virtues and values of "others." In politics we have no friends. Morally we have no equals.

Our ostensible allies, our supposed friends, so-called sovereign nations: what more could be stupider? Our Western, Modernist Revolutionary meme is potentially triumphal. Islam and other forms of fascism are memes no different than Relativism and other forms of Post-modernist ideology. This is our thesis, our meme: Let's invade nations and conquer their people, take over their land by force of arms and threats of death and destruction, and let us win by main violence: Let's invade Sweden!

You smile, dear reader? Is it a foolish idea, one that cannot possibly come to pass in this our modern world of civilized people in the land of legality and simple common sense? Well, stop smiling because this is a serious proposition, and one we must consider seriously if we are to turn back the invasion of Islam and the tide of self-destructive savagery of the primitive world threatening to overwhelm us and our progress toward universal good.

We are revolutionaries in the history of Mankind, a group unlike any others who've existed in the world, and our ideas are not merely better, they are universally better and more functional and beneficial to all than anything in our human past. Our revolutions came by way of violence against those who opposed the progress we take as given, and the violence was massive and brutal. It is a price we paid for our revolutions, and others must pay the same price, especially those who would destroy our progress here and now.

Haul out the guillotine, hone the blade, oil the gears, restring the works. Loose the blood-dimmed tide, and let's move ahead our revolution to the farthest reaches of Humanity. Let's start with Sweden. Let's go, Berzerk!
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Europe generally, Sweden in particular, has been invaded by the cancerous meme of Islam, and Malmo is a Moslem city today. Will Sweden object to a million American colonists showing up at the airports, armed and aggressive militant triumphalist Americans, who will descend on Malmo to rule and colonize the city in preparation for a general invasion and conquest of all of Europe and eventually of the entire world? Who cares? Ideas, so-called, are generally semiconscious attitudes gathered from the surroundings and from ones mates. Culture is learned, and if one is imbued with ones culture, one must either give it up in favor of a better meme or one must die in resistence to it. Will we face masses of crazed Swedes throwing meatballs? Unlikely. More likely is that Sweden will adjust perfectly well and easily to restored democracy and European tradition, something much harder to create in the primitive world of Islam, to be done regardless.

Sweden, isolated fromAmerica as is in the concept of the West-As-Evil-America is not yet totally irrational. But consider the following excerpts on memeology:
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In traditional population genetics the normal genetic variation, selection, and drift do not lead to formation of a new species without some form of "reproductive isolation"; i.e., in order to split a single species into two species, the two subpopulations of the original species must ultimately lose their ability to interbreed, which would normally maintain their heterogeneity. However, once separated, natural selection and/or just genetic drift acting on the normal genetic variation in the two subspecies will eventually change enough characteristics of the two subgroups that they can no longer interbreed, which by definition means that they will comprise two different species. Examples of reproductive isolation include geographical isolation, where a 'suddenly' appearing mountain range or river separates the two subgroups; temporal isolation, where one subgroup becomes entirely diurnal in its habits while the other becomes entirely nocturnal; or even just 'behavioral' isolation, as seen in wolves and domestic dogs: they could interbreed, biologically speaking, but normally they do not.

A similar phenomenon can occur with memes. Normally, the population of individuals having a meme in their consciousness is heterogeneous and mixes enough to keep the meme intact although it covers a wide range of variations. Should that population become split, however, without sufficient contact for the two different subgroups of variations of the meme to equilibrate, eventually each group will evolve its own version of that meme, differing sufficiently from that of the other group to appear as a distinct entity.

One example of this occurring on the Internet is the Kellerman meme. A search of the web and/or Usenet for the word 'Kellerman' will turn up a large number of citations, describing at great length the behavior of a 'Dr. Arthur Kellerman', who, with the willing assistance of the Centers for Disease Control and the public health lobby purportedly fabricated studies in order to implicate firearms (and by extension their owners) as a menace to public safety, for the purposes of statist control of the population which the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution the right to keep and bear arms would otherwise thwart. The authors of these pages and postings describe purported machinations, "junk science," a subsequent recantation by Dr. 'Kellerman', and the use of his work by gun control proponents.

In reality, no "Dr. Arthur Kellerman" exists, at least not in any connection with the above description. There is, however, a Dr. Arthur Kellermann (with double n), who has indeed published several papers estimating the overall impact on the public health of firearm availability and various aspects of firearm storage, as part of a career in public health and emergency and trauma medicine. As in any such series of studies, Kellermann's work has strengths and weaknesses, which pundits rigorously debate both in the literature and online. However, even after eliminating matters of opinion and statements which are not fully supported, the remaining verifiable facts of Kellermann's studies and career remain virtually unrecognizable in the negative descriptions of 'Kellerman.'

The original meme of Kellermann and his work on gun-related violent injury has generated a new meme, "Dr. Kellerman is a evil lying gun-grabbing enemy of freedom," by the classic genetic phenomenon of a deletion mutation. The sub-population involved had strongly negative attitudes towards Kellermann's work as well as a lack of first-hand familiarity with his studies and career. Because of the "reproductive isolation" caused by the total non-intersection of the results of searches for "Kellerman" and "Kellermann," the 'Kellerman' meme drifted even further in the direction of negativity, unchecked by facts related to the real Kellermann. As this group encounters new individuals of similar general outlook, they introduce new recruits to the 'Kellerman' lore only, and go on to produce their own websites and postings furthering the rapid progress of this meme.

This phenomenon also demonstrates two other features of memes the "meme-complex," a set of mutually-assisting "co-memes" which have co-evolved a symbiotic relationship, and the "Villain vs. Victim" infection strategy.

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Is the learned-insanity of the Anti-American meme spreading? Of course, and it will only worsen. As the rise of Islam grows, so too will its counter meme, non-Islam, meaning fundamentalism of other religious expressions, yes dear reader, the mightily feqred "Religious Right." Politics will lose its current (dubious) validity and make way for dissent in the form of equal and opposite reactionary ideology: those who wish to combat Islam will devolve into religious fundamentalisms of their own themselves. The political Left will abandon its pseudo-intellectual pretentions and go fling itself into the sheer irrationality of fascist Islam in opposition to the remants of Modernity. We can look forward to the end of science as a religion in the West from that point on. We can look forward to our very own scarey faces in the mirror.
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Some (such as Dawkins himself, see [2] (http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/WorldOfDawkins-archive/Catalano/quotes.shtml)) consider religion itself a meme or, more exactly, a memeplex or group of memes. To observers infected by a different set of memes, it appears that some fundamentalist evangelical movements act only to add to their own numbers. The movements in question devote what appears to their opponents as an inordinate amount of time to evangelical activity, and therefore may seem to unsympathetic observers to serve no other function. This makes it possible to characterize them as self-serving, and in some cases as a particularly virulent virus. On the other hand, for the meme to continue to propagate, it must provide some spiritual or emotional good: catharsis, a release from worry and guilt, a sense of salvation, happiness, moral energy, etc.

The American Religious Right has a unified message built around religious dogma. By attaching conservative political views to Christian religious evangelism (meme piggybacking), they have associated a set of political ideas/memeplexes with a set of religious ideas/memeplexes that throughout history have "replicated" very effectively. That is, Christianity has won converts for centuries; now in many cases a religious conversion also becomes a political conversion.

Similarly, the scientific method offers a body of social and experimental techniques which, given certain preconditions a free press for the circulation of information, a large number of people predisposed to see the world as a mechanism subject to general rules which can be discovered through repeatable experiments acts highly virulently, spreading quickly through an educated population. By demonstrating its success at making predictions, science as a practice can make itself more attractive to converts. Ideas and attitudes which are not necessarily verifiable by experimentation, but which tend to be held by scientists or feel aesthetically pleasing in combination with scientific discoveries, can propagate themselves in societies where science has a high status by the same process of "meme piggybacking."
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Meme resistance

Karl Popper advocated this in the strongest possible terms: "The survival value of intelligence is that it allows us to extinct a bad idea, before the idea extincts us."

Resistance to science and technology has formed a common meme that can guide human cultural and cognitive evolution away from disastrous paths for instance the US and USSR stockpiled but did not use nuclear weapons in the Cold War period. Ignorance has been in some cultures considered a virtue in particular, ignorance of certain temptations that the culture believes would be disastrous if pursued by many individuals.

The Internet, perhaps the ultimate meme vector, seems to be hosting both sides of this debate. Although it would seem to a na�ve observer that no adult user of the Internet could oppose its use by other adults, that does in fact happen, based on any number of criteria from ethics to intent to ability to resist hacking or pornography.
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For the full entry, please go to:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meme#Basic_introduction.
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Science as religion is an obvious failure, and Islam as a poligion is also an obvious failure; Rationalism and irrationalism cannot co-exist, and yet neither can they exist in themselves. Suicidal Sweden is overwhelmed by suicidal Islam. Two bad ideas overlapping are destroying Europe from within. If we do not invade and conquer then nothing will be left but to invade and conquer later. In this war of memes, the West is losing because of its inherent puralism, its openess to a multiplicity of memes, a meme that itself is destined to die out if we do not preserve it consciously and by force. If Europe is to become a province of Islam, as many of our public intellectuals claim, and as our pot-smoking citizens watch passively while it occurs, then by all means, by any means, let us invade Sweden.

1 comment:

Anonymous said...

Hello Dag, it's Andrei Rublev. I am responding to your thread on JW (When I have time, I will register with this cool site)

As I said earlier at JW. Richard Dawkins is a brilliant evolutionary theorist. I am also familiar with his ideas on memes. Even though there is a lot of useful information in Dawkins' meme theory, there is the danger that some will use this to explain the success of all ideas to a kind of amoral natural selection of ideas that has nothing to do with any transcending principle of right and wrong. In other words, in the wrong hands, it will empower the dangerous meme of postmodernism.

I should like to note at this point that Richard Dawkins is a strident atheist who wants to put an end to all religion. In effect, Dawkins believes that natural selection (as applied to life and meme theory) has given him the total recipe for life and morality. In this way, I believe he as as deeply mistaken as any religious fundamentalist.

Five years ago, I thought that the Religious Right represented one of the worst threats to America. Today I am still an agnostic, but I am ever so grateful that America has a significant majority that knows right from wrong better than the typical West European. Evangelists may be a pain in the neck at times, but in a world where secular humanism non-values are becoming the norm, they provide much of America's backbone. For all their faults, Evangelical churches are the least corrupted by the moral relativism that has infected so many of the other Christian denominations.

I really admire Orianna Fallaci for standing up for Europe, but like Hugh, I think that her not offering a solution is a character flaw (then again, confronting her morality might be making her feel depressed). It is interesting that the author of the article has comparted her to Oswald Spengler. Correct me if I am wrong, but to this I would like to add that your pessimistic view of America's freedom is also reminiscent of Spengler (at least from what I read about him).

I for one do not believe that America has to sacrifice any freedom to survive WW IV (BTW, I do not believe that the "Patriot Act" erodes our freedoms. That's just leftist stupidity), but in a society where you are free to express yourself, people with backbone have a moral responsibility to stand up for what is right. In other words, freedom is not just a gift, it is a responsibility that requires civic-mindedness. Toqueville understood these dangers very well when he wrote "Democracy in America" almost 200 years ago. Political theorist Jean Bethke Elshtain understands that today, and contrasts the ideas of Toqueville's country of citizens with Plato's Orwellian Republic of sheep.